What Is Adenomyosis?

Adenomyosis occurs when the tissue that normally lines the uterus (the endometrium) grows into the muscular wall of the uterus itself. This can cause the uterus to become enlarged, thickened, and more prone to inflammation. Common symptoms include heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, severe menstrual cramping, and pelvic pain, though some patients have no symptoms at all and are only diagnosed during fertility workups or imaging for other reasons.

How Does Adenomyosis Affect Fertility?

Adenomyosis can impact fertility in several ways:

Impaired implantation - the structural changes to the uterine wall can make it harder for an embryo to implant successfully.

Altered uterine environment - inflammation associated with adenomyosis may affect the receptivity of the uterine lining.

Increased miscarriage risk - some studies suggest a higher rate of early pregnancy loss in patients with adenomyosis compared to those without it.

Coexisting conditions - adenomyosis frequently occurs alongside endometriosis or uterine fibroids, which can compound fertility challenges.

A 2025 study in Human Reproduction examining IVF outcomes in patients with adenomyosis found reduced clinical pregnancy and live birth rates compared to patients without the condition - but pregnancy and live birth were still achieved in a substantial proportion of patients, particularly with individualized protocol adjustments.

A 2022 meta-analysis in Reproduction Sci on adenomyosis and IVF outcomes confirmed the reduced-but-achievable pregnancy pattern seen across multiple studies, reinforcing that individualized protocol adjustments can meaningfully improve outcomes.

Can You Get Pregnant with Adenomyosis?

Yes - many patients with adenomyosis conceive naturally or with fertility treatment, including IVF. The degree of impact varies significantly based on the severity and location of the adenomyosis, whether other fertility factors are present, and how treatment is tailored to the individual. Adenomyosis is a challenge to manage around, not an automatic barrier to pregnancy.

Treatment Approaches for Adenomyosis-Related Infertility

Fertility specialists typically consider a combination of approaches:

1. Hormonal suppression before IVF, sometimes used to reduce inflammation and improve the uterine environment ahead of embryo transfer.
2. Individualized IVF protocols, adjusting stimulation and transfer timing based on the specific presentation of adenomyosis.
3. Frozen embryo transfer (FET), which allows additional time to optimize the uterine lining compared to a fresh transfer immediately following egg retrieval.
4. Surgical intervention, considered selectively in specific cases, though it carries its own fertility considerations and is not appropriate for every patient.
5. Close monitoring during early pregnancy, given the somewhat elevated miscarriage risk associated with the condition.

Why Individualized Care Matters for Adenomyosis Patients

Adenomyosis varies enormously from patient to patient - in severity, location, and coexisting conditions - which means a standardized IVF protocol often isn't the right approach. Patients tend to see better outcomes when their fertility team treats adenomyosis as a specific clinical factor shaping the treatment plan, rather than applying the same protocol used for patients without uterine abnormalities.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can adenomyosis prevent pregnancy entirely?

No, adenomyosis does not typically prevent pregnancy entirely, though it can reduce natural conception rates and IVF success rates to some degree, depending on severity.

Does adenomyosis increase miscarriage risk?

Some research suggests a somewhat elevated risk of early pregnancy loss in patients with adenomyosis, which is why close monitoring during early pregnancy is often recommended.

Is IVF more successful than natural conception for adenomyosis patients?

For many patients with adenomyosis, IVF - particularly with an individualized protocol and frozen embryo transfer - can improve the odds of a successful pregnancy compared to relying on natural conception alone, though outcomes vary by individual case.

Do I need surgery for adenomyosis before trying to conceive?

Not necessarily. Surgery is considered selectively, based on severity and individual circumstances, and is not the right approach for every patient. Many patients proceed directly to a tailored IVF protocol without surgical intervention.

How is adenomyosis diagnosed?

Adenomyosis is typically diagnosed through pelvic ultrasound or MRI, sometimes discovered during a routine fertility workup rather than through symptoms alone.

Get a Fertility Plan Built Around Your Diagnosis

Adenomyosis affects every patient differently, which means your treatment plan should too. NEFI's team can help you understand your specific situation and build a path toward pregnancy that accounts for it.

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Written and reviewed by: Dr. Michael M. Guarnaccia, MD, MPH

What Is Gender Selection and How Is It Done?

In the context of IVF, gender selection is achieved through preimplantation genetic testing, specifically PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidies, formerly known as PGS). This technology analyses the chromosomal composition of embryos created through IVF before they are transferred to the uterus, allowing the identification of each embryo's sex chromosomes (XX for female, XY for male) alongside a comprehensive screen for chromosomal abnormalities.

It is important to understand that gender selection in the US is not a standalone procedure — it occurs within a full IVF cycle. You cannot select a gender without first going through egg retrieval, fertilization, embryo culture to blastocyst stage, and biopsy. Gender information is one output of PGT-A; chromosomal health screening is the other — and both are delivered in the same results report.

💡 PGT-A is highly accurate for sex chromosome identification — with accuracy rates exceeding 99% when performed by experienced embryology laboratories. The procedure involves biopsying a small number of cells from the trophectoderm (the outer layer of the blastocyst that will become the placenta, not the embryo itself), which does not harm the embryo's developmental potential.

Medical vs Elective Gender Selection

Medical gender selection is indicated when a family carries a sex-linked genetic condition — a disorder caused by a mutation on the X or Y chromosome that predominantly or exclusively affects one sex. Examples include Duchenne muscular dystrophy (X-linked recessive, primarily affecting males), haemophilia A and B (X-linked recessive), fragile X syndrome, and certain other X-linked conditions. In these cases, selecting embryos of the unaffected sex (typically female for X-linked recessive conditions) is a medically supported and widely accepted use of PGT.

Elective gender selection — also called family balancing — is the choice to select an embryo of a preferred sex for personal or family composition reasons, without a medical indication. This is legal in the United States and offered at NEFI, though it is not available in many other countries. It is most commonly requested by families who already have one or more children of one sex and wish to have a child of the other, or by individuals and couples for whom family composition is a deeply held personal value.

The PGT-A Process at NEFI: Step by Step

Step 1 — IVF stimulation and egg retrieval. The process begins with a standard IVF cycle: ovarian stimulation, monitoring, trigger injection, and egg retrieval under light sedation. The number of eggs retrieved is the most significant variable in the outcome — more eggs mean more embryos, which means a higher probability of having at least one chromosomally normal embryo of the preferred sex.

Step 2 — Fertilization and embryo culture. Retrieved eggs are fertilized in the NEFI embryology laboratory using the intended father's or donor sperm via ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection). Fertilized eggs are cultured for 5–6 days until they reach the blastocyst stage — the optimal developmental point for biopsy.

Step 3 — Embryo biopsy. At the blastocyst stage, an embryologist removes 3–8 cells from the trophectoderm — the outer layer that will form the placenta — using a laser. This biopsy does not damage the inner cell mass that becomes the baby. Biopsied embryos are immediately vitrified (flash-frozen) while biopsy samples are sent to a specialist genetics laboratory.

Step 4 — Genetic analysis. The genetics laboratory analyses each biopsy sample using next-generation sequencing (NGS) — a technology that provides a comprehensive chromosomal map of each embryo, identifying: the sex chromosomes (XX or XY), any aneuploidies (extra or missing chromosomes across all 24 chromosome pairs), and in some cases segmental imbalances. Results are typically returned within 7–14 days.

Step 5 — Embryo selection and transfer. Results report identifies each embryo as chromosomally normal (euploid) or abnormal (aneuploid), and by sex. Intended parents, in consultation with their NEFI physician, select the embryo(s) to transfer based on chromosomal health first, sex preference second. A frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycle is then prepared — the uterine lining is optimized with hormone supplementation, and the selected embryo is transferred in a brief, non-invasive procedure.

What the Research Shows About PGT-A

PGT-A has a substantial and growing evidence base, though its application continues to evolve as the technology improves.

A 2020 randomised controlled trial in ASRM — one of the most rigorous studies to date — found that PGT-A significantly improved the ongoing pregnancy rate per transfer in women aged 36–40 compared to morphology-based embryo selection alone, by ensuring only euploid embryos were transferred. The study confirmed that selecting chromosomally normal embryos reduces miscarriage risk and improves the probability of a live birth per transfer.

A 2022 meta-analysis in Human Reproduction pooled data from multiple randomized trials and found that PGT-A was associated with a significant reduction in miscarriage rates — from approximately 20–25% in unscreened cycles to under 10% in PGT-A cycles — alongside improved live birth rates per transfer in women over 35. The miscarriage reduction benefit was particularly pronounced for women 38 and older.

Realistic Expectations: What PGT-A Can and Cannot Guarantee

PGT-A can identify sex chromosomes with over 99% accuracy — but it cannot guarantee a pregnancy. A euploid embryo of your preferred sex still requires successful implantation and a healthy uterine environment. Implantation failure can occur even with chromosomally normal embryos, and success rates vary based on age, uterine health, and other factors.

PGT-A also cannot screen for all possible genetic conditions — it identifies chromosomal copy number changes, not single-gene mutations (which require a different test, PGT-M). If you have a known single-gene condition in your family, discuss PGT-M with your NEFI physician.

Finally, there is no guarantee that any given IVF cycle will produce an embryo of a specific sex. The distribution of XX and XY embryos in any cycle is approximately 50/50, but the actual numbers are subject to chance — particularly in cycles with a small number of embryos. NEFI's team will counsel you honestly on the probability of achieving your goals based on your specific embryo numbers.

Gender Selection at NEFI: Legal, Ethical, and Inclusive

Gender selection is legal in Connecticut and across the United States. NEFI offers both medically indicated and elective (family balancing) gender selection as part of its comprehensive PGT programme, and does not impose value judgements on families' reproductive choices.

NEFI's approach is fully inclusive — serving individuals and couples of all family structures, genders, and sexual orientations. For LGBTQ+ families in particular, the ability to make informed decisions about embryo selection is often a meaningful and empowering part of a journey that already involves considerable planning and intention.

For a full overview of how IVF, embryo creation, and genetic testing fit into the surrogacy journey, read: How Surrogacy Works in the US: A Complete Step-by-Step Guide for Intended Parents

Frequently Asked Questions

How accurate is gender selection through PGT-A? Sex chromosome identification via PGT-A using next-generation sequencing is highly accurate — exceeding 99% in experienced laboratories. Errors are extremely rare and are typically disclosed by the testing laboratory with quality assurance documentation.

Does PGT-A affect the embryo's health or development? The trophectoderm biopsy used in PGT-A has been studied extensively and is not associated with harm to embryo development or pregnancy outcomes. Multiple large studies have confirmed equivalent birth weight, developmental outcomes, and health profiles in children born from biopsied versus non-biopsied embryos.

What if I only have embryos of one sex? This is a real possibility, particularly in cycles that produce a small number of embryos. If all euploid embryos are of a sex different from your preference, your NEFI physician will discuss options — including whether to proceed with transfer, complete another IVF cycle to create additional embryos, or transfer the embryos available. There is no obligation to transfer embryos that do not meet your preferences, and NEFI will support whatever decision is right for your family.

Is gender selection covered by insurance in Connecticut? PGT-A for medical indications (sex-linked genetic conditions) may be covered under Connecticut's fertility insurance mandate. Elective gender selection is typically not covered. NEFI's financial counsellors will clarify coverage specifics for your plan.

Can I combine gender selection with egg donation? Yes. PGT-A is performed on embryos regardless of whether they are created from the intended parent's own eggs or donor eggs. For families using donor eggs, PGT-A remains a valuable tool for chromosomal screening and gender selection and is routinely offered as part of NEFI's donor egg IVF program.

Informed, Empowered, Supported

Gender selection through IVF is one of the most personal decisions a family can make — and it deserves clear information, honest counselling, and genuine support. NEFI's team brings all three. Whether your reason is medical, personal, or somewhere in between, we are here to help you make the decision that is right for your family — without assumption and without judgement.

→ Book Your Free Consultation

Written and reviewed by: Dr. Michael M. Guarnaccia, MD, MPH

Who Uses Donor Eggs for IVF?

Egg donation is relevant for a wide range of intended parents.

• Women with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) or premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), where the ovaries are no longer producing sufficient high-quality eggs.
• Women over 40 — or over 38 with poor ovarian response — for whom the success rates with their own eggs have dropped significantly.
• Women who have experienced multiple failed IVF cycles with their own eggs.
• Women who carry a hereditary genetic condition they do not wish to pass on.
• Same-sex male couples and single men pursuing surrogacy, who need donor eggs to create embryos.
• Women who have undergone cancer treatment affecting ovarian function and did not freeze eggs before treatment.

💡 Donor egg IVF consistently produces some of the highest success rates in reproductive medicine — with clinical pregnancy rates per transfer often exceeding 50–60%. This is because success is determined primarily by the donor's egg quality, not the recipient's age. A 45-year-old using a 25-year-old donor's eggs has outcomes comparable to a 25-year-old using her own.

Fresh vs Frozen Donor Eggs: What Is the Difference?

Donor eggs are available in two forms, and understanding the distinction is important for making the right decision for your situation.

Fresh donor egg cycles involve synchronizing the donor's stimulation cycle with the recipient's uterine preparation — the donor retrieves eggs and they are fertilized and cultured in real time, with transfer happening within days. Fresh cycles typically yield more eggs per cycle than frozen, which can be advantageous for creating multiple embryos. However, they require close timing coordination between donor and recipient, take longer to arrange, and cost more overall.

Frozen donor egg cycles use vitrified eggs from a donor who has already completed her retrieval cycle. Frozen eggs are available immediately from egg banks — no waiting for synchronization. A 2025 study in the Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics found that frozen donor egg cycles using vitrified oocytes produced fertilization rates, blastocyst development rates, and clinical pregnancy rates comparable to fresh donor cycles — confirming that vitrification technology has effectively eliminated the quality gap between fresh and frozen donor eggs. NEFI offers both options and will help you determine which is appropriate for your situation.

How NEFI's In-House Donor Agency Works

One of NEFI's most significant advantages is its in-house donor agency. This means that egg donor recruitment, screening, matching, and coordination all happen within the same clinical team — rather than involving an external agency with its own processes, timelines, and fees.

All NEFI donors undergo comprehensive screening: full medical history and physical examination, ovarian reserve testing (AMH, AFC) to confirm adequate response potential, extended genetic carrier screening, infectious disease testing per FDA and ASRM requirements, and psychological evaluation by an independent mental health professional. Only donors who pass all components of screening proceed to the matching stage.

Finding and Choosing Your Egg Donor

Egg donor profiles include physical characteristics (height, weight, eye color, hair color, ethnicity, blood type), educational and professional background, family medical history, genetic screening results, personal essays about motivations and values. NEFI's team supports you through the selection process with clinical input — particularly around cross-referencing your own and your partner's carrier screening results with the donor's genetic panel to minimize the risk of any recessive genetic condition.

Anonymous, open-identity, and known donor arrangements are all supported at NEFI. As with sperm donation, open-identity donation is increasingly the recommended standard — preserving the donor-conceived child's right to access genetic information at age 18. NEFI's team can discuss the implications of each arrangement in depth.

The Medical Process: Step by Step

• For the donor (fresh cycle):

The selected donor undergoes ovarian stimulation with hormone injections for approximately 10–14 days, with monitoring appointments every 2–3 days. When follicles reach optimal maturity, a trigger injection is administered, and egg retrieval takes place 36 hours later under light sedation. Retrieved eggs are immediately fertilized in the NEFI embryology laboratory.

• For the recipient:

Simultaneously (in a fresh cycle) or independently (in a frozen cycle), the recipient's uterine lining is prepared using estrogen and progesterone supplementation to create the optimal environment for embryo implantation. Monitoring via blood tests and ultrasound tracks lining thickness and development.

• Fertilization and embryo development:

Donor eggs are fertilized using the intended father's or donor sperm via conventional IVF or ICSI. Embryos are cultured to the blastocyst stage over 5–6 days. Most families choose preimplantation genetic testing (PGT-A) at this stage to screen embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer — improving the probability of a successful pregnancy with each transfer.

A 2024 meta-analysis in Reproductive BioMedicine Online found that PGT-A significantly improved live birth rates per transfer in donor egg IVF cycles — particularly for recipients over 40 — by eliminating chromosomally abnormal embryos that would be unlikely to implant or likely to miscarry.

• Embryo transfer: A selected embryo is transferred to the recipient's prepared uterus in a brief, non-invasive procedure — typically a frozen embryo transfer (FET) after embryos have been biopsied and tested. No anesthesia is required. The recipient rests briefly and returns home the same day. A pregnancy test is conducted 10–14 days later.

Egg Donor IVF for LGBTQ+ Families

For same-sex male couples and single men pursuing surrogacy, donor eggs are an essential component of the process. One or both partners can provide sperm — with embryos created from each partner's sperm if desired, giving both intended fathers a genetic connection to the family. NEFI's experience in LGBTQ+ family building means this process is handled with full clinical expertise and genuine personal understanding of what it means to build a family through surrogacy and egg donation.

For same-sex female couples, reciprocal IVF uses one partner's donor eggs to create embryos carried by the other — allowing both partners to be physically involved in the conception and pregnancy. This is one of the most meaningful options available to same-sex female couples, and NEFI supports it fully.

For the full picture on surrogacy and how egg donation fits into that journey, read: How Surrogacy Works in the US: A Complete Step-by-Step Guide for Intended Parents

Frequently Asked Questions

Will my child be genetically related to me? If you are the recipient using donor eggs and your partner's sperm (or donor sperm), your child will be genetically related to the sperm provider but not to you. However, research on epigenetics — the influence of the uterine environment on gene expression — suggests that carrying a pregnancy actively influences the child's development in ways beyond genetics. Many recipient parents feel a deep, genuine genetic-like connection to children they have carried.

What are the success rates for donor egg IVF at NEFI? Success rates vary based on donor age, embryo quality, number of embryos transferred, and recipient uterine health. NEFI's team will provide realistic, individualized success rate estimates at your consultation based on your specific situation — not generic statistics.

How long does the donor egg IVF process take? From initial consultation to embryo transfer, the process typically takes 2–4 months for a frozen donor egg cycle, or 3–6 months for a fresh donor cycle (depending on donor availability and synchronization). If PGT-A testing is included, add 2–4 weeks for biopsy and results.

Can I use a known egg donor — someone I know personally? Yes. NEFI supports known donor arrangements with the same screening rigor as agency-matched or bank donors. Known donors must complete all required medical, genetic, and psychological screening, and a legal agreement establishing the donor's rights and responsibilities must be in place before any medical treatment begins.

The Path Forward Starts Here

Donor egg IVF opens doors that biology may have seemed to close. At NEFI, we approach every family's journey with the clinical excellence it demands and the human warmth it deserves. If you're considering donor eggs — whether you're just starting to explore or you already know it's the right path — we'd love to talk.

→ Book Your Free Consultation

Written and reviewed by: Dr. Michael M. Guarnaccia, MD, MPH

Types of Sperm Donors: Known vs Anonymous vs Open-Identity

Before exploring donor characteristics, it's important to understand the three categories of sperm donation available in the US.

• Anonymous donors: Historically the most common arrangement, in which the donor's identity is not disclosed to the recipient or the child. Truly anonymous donation is becoming less common — many banks that previously offered anonymous donation now only offer open-identity donors, reflecting an evolving understanding of donor-conceived individuals' rights to know their genetic origins.

• Open-identity (ID-release) donors: Donors who have agreed that donor-conceived children can access their identifying information when they reach age 18. This is now the most widely recommended arrangement by fertility specialists and psychologists, as it preserves the future adult's right to access their genetic history without requiring contact in childhood.

• Known donors: A person known to the intended parent or parents — a friend, family member, or acquaintance — who agrees to donate sperm. Known donor arrangements involve additional legal and medical considerations, including a quarantine period for the sperm sample and a formal legal agreement clarifying the donor's parental rights and responsibilities (or lack thereof).

💡 The American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) and the majority of reproductive psychologists now recommend open-identity donation as the default, recognizing that donor-conceived individuals consistently report that access to their genetic origins is important to their sense of identity. NEFI supports intended parents through whichever arrangement is right for their family — with full information about each option.

What Sperm Banks Screen For

Reputable sperm banks in the US — those regulated by the FDA and following ASRM guidelines — conduct extensive screening of all donors before their sperm is made available. This includes:

• Medical history: A comprehensive personal and family medical history covering hereditary conditions, chronic diseases, and known genetic disorders.
• Genetic screening: Extended carrier screening for recessive genetic conditions (cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, fragile X, and many more). The scope of genetic screening has expanded significantly in recent years.
• Infectious disease testing: FDA-mandated testing for HIV, hepatitis B and C, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and other communicable diseases — repeated at the time of donation and after a quarantine period.
• Semen analysis: Only donors with excellent sperm parameters (high count, motility, and morphology) are accepted — typically the top 1–5% of applicants.
• Psychological evaluation: Donors undergo psychological assessment to ensure they understand the implications of donation and are making a fully informed, autonomous decision.

A 2021 review in Fertility and Sterilityexamining expanded carrier screening in sperm donors found that broader genetic panels significantly reduced the risk of donor-conceived children inheriting recessive genetic conditions — reinforcing why genetic screening scope matters when selecting a sperm bank, not just an individual donor.

What to Look for in a Donor Profile

Donor profiles typically include a combination of physical characteristics, educational and professional background, personal essays, childhood photos (at some banks), and genetic screening results. Here is how to approach each category.

• Physical characteristics: Height, weight, eye color, hair color and texture, skin tone, and blood type are all listed. For many intended parents, finding a donor who resembles them or their partner (or who reflects the ethnicity of their family) is a priority — and this is completely valid. However, physical resemblance to a donor does not determine the appearance of the child, which is influenced by the complex interaction of both genetic parents' contributions.
• Health and genetic history: This is the most clinically important section. Review the donor's personal health history and family health history carefully. Look at the extended carrier screening results — understanding which conditions the donor is a carrier for, and cross-referencing with your own carrier screening results, is essential to assessing genetic risk. NEFI's clinical team can walk you through this process.
• Personal essays and staff impressions: Most banks include short essays written by the donor about their motivations, personality, and values, alongside written impressions from bank staff who have met the donor in person. These provide a more dimensional picture beyond physical data — many intended parents find these sections the most meaningful part of the selection process.
• Audio interviews and childhood photos: Offered by some banks at an additional cost. Childhood photos can be particularly helpful for intended parents trying to assess physical resemblance; audio interviews offer a sense of personality and communication style.

How to Approach the Decision Without Overwhelm

The most common experience among intended parents choosing a sperm donor is paralysis by analysis. The profiles are extensive, the characteristics are numerous, and the decision feels too important to get wrong. A few principles that help:

Start with non-negotiables. Before browsing profiles, write down your actual non-negotiables — the characteristics that genuinely matter to you and why. This list is almost always shorter than people expect.

Separate the emotionally significant from the clinically significant. Health history and genetic screening results are clinically significant. Hair color is emotionally significant. Both matter, but they should be weighed differently.

Don't optimize for perfection. No donor profile is perfect, and seeking the perfect donor is a way of never choosing one. Focus on the characteristics that genuinely matter to your family and your child's future health — and trust that the rest will take care of itself.

Special Considerations for LGBTQ+ Families

For same-sex female couples, reciprocal IVF — where one partner's eggs are fertilized with donor sperm and carried by the other partner — is a beautiful way for both partners to be physically part of the pregnancy. In this case, the sperm donor is genetically connected to the child through one partner's egg.

For single mothers by choice, the donor selection process is often approached with particular thoughtfulness around open-identity donation — many solo parents specifically choose ID-release donors, so their child has access to genetic information and potentially the option of contact in adulthood.

For transgender women and non-binary individuals who have not preserved their own sperm, donor sperm combined with egg donation and surrogacy enables genetic parenthood through a partner's or donor's eggs. NEFI's team provides affirming, knowledgeable guidance through all configurations.

For a full overview of how sperm donation fits into the surrogacy process, read: How Surrogacy Works in the US: A Complete Step-by-Step Guide for Intended Parents

How NEFI Supports Your Donor Selection

NEFI works with leading FDA-regulated sperm banks and can guide you through the selection process with clinical input — including cross-referencing your own carrier screening results against a shortlisted donor's genetic panel.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I use the same sperm donor for a second child? This depends on whether the donor is still active in the bank's program and whether sufficient vials are available. Many intended parents purchase additional vials at the time of their first cycle specifically to reserve supply for future siblings. NEFI's team can advise on vial quantities based on your family planning goals.

What is the difference between IUI and IVF with donor sperm? IUI (intrauterine insemination) involves placing prepared donor sperm directly into the uterus around the time of ovulation — a lower-cost, lower-intervention option suitable for women with no significant fertility issues. IVF uses donor sperm to fertilize eggs in the laboratory, with the resulting embryo transferred to the uterus — recommended when there are additional fertility factors or when genetic testing of embryos is desired.

Will my child be able to find their genetic donor? If you use an open-identity (ID-release) donor, your child can request the donor's identifying information from the bank when they turn 18. This is a decision made now that protects your child's future autonomy. NEFI strongly supports open-identity donations and can discuss this in detail at your consultation.

Is there a legal risk that a sperm donor could claim parental rights? In the US, sperm donors who donate through FDA-regulated banks with a formal legal agreement in place have no parental rights or responsibilities. Known donor arrangements require a specific legal agreement to establish the same protection — NEFI's team will refer you to a reproductive attorney to ensure this is properly documented.

Your Family. Your Choice. Our Support.

Choosing a sperm donor is one of the most personal decisions you will ever make — and it deserves the time, information, and support it requires. NEFI's team is here to guide you through every step: the clinical decisions, the legal considerations, and the deeply human ones. Start with a conversation.

→ Book Your Free Consultation

Written and reviewed by: Dr. Michael M. Guarnaccia, MD, MPH

Why Connecticut Is One of the Best US States for Surrogacy

Not all US states are created equal when it comes to surrogacy law. Some states have ambiguous or outdated statutes that create legal uncertainty for intended parents. Connecticut is not one of them.

Connecticut's surrogacy legal framework rests on two key pillars: enforceable gestational surrogacy agreements and pre-birth orders. The Connecticut Parentage Act, which came into full effect in January 2022, overhauled the state's parentage laws and explicitly recognized gestational surrogacy agreements as legally valid and enforceable. It also established a clear, streamlined process for intended parents — including same-sex couples and single parents — to obtain legal parentage without post-birth adoption proceedings.

💡 Under the Connecticut Parentage Act (2022), intended parents in gestational surrogacy arrangements can obtain a pre-birth order during pregnancy — meaning they are named on the birth certificate from the moment of birth. No post-birth adoption is required. There is also no genetic connection requirement — same-sex couples and single parents using donor eggs and/or donor sperm qualify for full legal parentage.

Step 1 — Choosing Your Clinic and Having Your Initial Consultation

The surrogacy process in Connecticut begins with selecting a fertility clinic experienced in gestational surrogacy and third-party reproduction. New England Fertility Institute in Stamford is a recognized leader — a global leader in surrogacy and LGBTQ+ family building with an in-house donor agency, an international program, and deep relationships with Connecticut's experienced reproductive law community.

Your free initial consultation covers your medical history, fertility status, whether you need egg and/or sperm donation, your timeline, and a realistic overview of the legal and financial landscape. This conversation sets the foundation for everything that follows.

Step 2 — Medical Evaluation of Intended Parents and Gestational Carrier

All parties undergo thorough medical evaluation before the process begins. Intended parents providing genetic material complete fertility testing — ovarian reserve assessment, semen analysis, and blood screening. The prospective gestational carrier undergoes uterine evaluation (typically via Sono hysterography), infectious disease screening, a complete health history review, and a psychological evaluation conducted by an independent mental health professional. This psychological assessment is not a hurdle — it is a protection for everyone, including the carrier herself.

Step 3 — Finding Your Gestational Carrier in Connecticut

There are two primary routes to finding a gestational carrier: agency matching and known surrogates. NEFI works with trusted Connecticut-based and national surrogacy agencies that handle the full screening and matching process. Agency-matched carriers have already passed health screening, psychological evaluation, and a background check before you ever meet them.

Some intended parents work with a known surrogate — a friend, family member, or acquaintance who has offered to carry. NEFI fully supports known carrier arrangements, applying the same medical and psychological screening standards regardless of how the match was made.

A 2022 study in the Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics examining outcomes across gestational surrogacy arrangements found that rigorous pre-matching psychological screening of gestational carriers was significantly associated with lower rates of legal disputes and higher reported satisfaction among both carriers and intended parents — underscoring the value of thorough upfront evaluation.

Step 4 — Legal Agreements Under Connecticut Law

Before any medical treatment involving the gestational carrier begins, a surrogacy agreement must be fully executed. In Connecticut, this agreement is drafted by a reproductive law attorney — NEFI can refer you to attorneys experienced in Connecticut surrogacy law. The agreement is independently reviewed by a separate attorney representing the gestational carrier, ensuring all parties enter the arrangement with full legal representation and informed consent.

The agreement covers all financial terms (carrier compensation, expense reimbursement, insurance), medical decision-making authority during the pregnancy, contact and communication expectations, and contingency provisions for various scenarios. Once signed, the intended parents' attorney files a pre-birth order — which, under the Connecticut Parentage Act, establishes legal parentage ahead of birth.

Step 5 — Embryo Creation via IVF at NEFI

With legal agreements in place, embryo creation begins. This is a standard IVF cycle — ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization in the laboratory, embryo culture to blastocyst stage, and optional preimplantation genetic testing (PGT-A to screen for chromosomal abnormalities, or PGT for family balancing). Resulting embryos are vitrified and stored until the gestational carrier is prepared for transfer.

A 2022 study in the Journal of Clinical Medicine found that PGT-A significantly improved cumulative live birth rates in IVF cycles by reducing the transfer of chromosomally abnormal embryos — making it a valuable tool particularly for intended parents using eggs from older donors or intended mothers over 35.

Step 6 — Embryo Transfer to the Gestational Carrier

The gestational carrier's uterine lining is prepared using a hormone protocol under NEFI's supervision. A frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycle is used — the standard of care at NEFI, supported by evidence showing higher pregnancy rates with frozen versus fresh embryo transfers in gestational carrier cycles. The transfer itself is a brief, non-invasive procedure requiring no sedation. The carrier rests briefly and returns home the same day.

Step 7 — Pregnancy, Pre-Birth Order, and Birth

Following a positive pregnancy test and confirmed heartbeat, the gestational carrier transitions to her chosen OB for ongoing prenatal care. NEFI remains available as a resource and coordination point throughout. During the second trimester, the pre-birth order is finalized — establishing the intended parents as the legal parents in advance of delivery. At birth, the intended parents are named on the birth certificate directly.

Connecticut Surrogacy for LGBTQ+ Families

Connecticut's legal framework is explicitly inclusive of all family structures — same-sex couples, single parents, and non-binary individuals all have full access to legal parentage through gestational surrogacy. There is no requirement for a genetic connection to the child, which is particularly significant for same-sex male couples and single men using both donor eggs and donor sperm.

NEFI is a recognized leader in LGBTQ+ surrogacy in Connecticut and beyond. The clinic's team understands the specific medical, legal, and emotional landscape of LGBTQ+ family building — and provides care that reflects that understanding without assumption or prejudice.

For the complete overview of how surrogacy works in the US, including costs, carrier matching, and embryo creation, read our full pillar guide: How Surrogacy Works in the US: A Complete Step-by-Step Guide for Intended Parents

Frequently Asked Questions

Do I need to live in Connecticut to pursue surrogacy at NEFI? No. NEFI serves intended parents from across the US and internationally. Your gestational carrier does need to be based in a surrogacy-friendly state for legal purposes — Connecticut qualifies — and NEFI coordinates the process regardless of where the intended parents reside.

How long does it take to get a pre-birth order in Connecticut? Once a pregnancy is confirmed and the legal agreement is in place, a pre-birth order application is typically filed during the second trimester. Connecticut courts process these efficiently — most intended parents receive their pre-birth order well before the baby's birth.

What is the gestational carrier's compensation in Connecticut? Carrier compensation in Connecticut typically ranges from $35,000 to $85,000 depending on the carrier's experience, location, and specific arrangement terms, plus reimbursement of all pregnancy-related expenses. These figures are outlined in the legal agreement and do not affect the intended parents' legal status.

Can a same-sex couple both be named as legal parents in Connecticut? Yes. Connecticut law explicitly recognizes both intended parents in a gestational surrogacy arrangement — regardless of gender or genetic connection — on the birth certificate via the pre-birth order process.

What happens if the embryo transfer doesn't result in pregnancy? If the first embryo transfer is unsuccessful, the process moves to a subsequent transfer using the next viable embryo. NEFI's team reviews each cycle to understand what may be adjusted. Multiple embryos are typically created and vitrified in advance specifically to allow for this possibility.

Connecticut Is Ready for Your Family

Connecticut's legal environment, combined with NEFI's clinical expertise and unwavering commitment to inclusive family building, makes this one of the strongest surrogacy ecosystems in the United States. Whatever your family looks like — whatever path has brought you here — NEFI is ready to help you take the next step.

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Written and reviewed by: Dr. Gad Lavy, MD, FACOG

What Is Egg Freezing and How Does It Work?

Egg freezing — medically known as oocyte cryopreservation — is the process of stimulating the ovaries to produce multiple eggs, retrieving those eggs, and freezing them at the unfertilised stage for future use. When you're ready to use them, the eggs are thawed, fertilised with sperm in the laboratory, and the resulting embryo is transferred to the uterus.

The key advance that made egg freezing reliable is vitrification — a flash-freezing technique that cools eggs so rapidly that ice crystals do not form, preserving cellular integrity far more effectively than older slow-freeze methods. A 2023 landmark study in Journal of Clinical Medicine confirmed that vitrified oocytes produce fertilisation rates, embryo development rates, and live birth rates comparable to fresh eggs — leading the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) to remove the "experimental" label from egg freezing in 2012. It is now a mainstream, evidence-based procedure.

Egg quality declines with age — and this is the most important biological fact behind egg freezing. A woman who freezes eggs at 32 preserves the fertility profile of a 32-year-old regardless of when she uses them. Freezing earlier means more eggs, better quality eggs, and higher success rates when it matters.

Who Should Consider Egg Freezing?

Egg freezing is relevant for a wide range of individuals and situations.

• Women in their late 20s and 30s who are not yet ready to have children but want to protect their options.
• Women facing cancer treatment — chemotherapy and radiation can permanently damage egg-producing cells, and freezing eggs before treatment begins is now a standard oncofertility recommendation.
• Women with endometriosis or diminished ovarian reserve (DOR), where ovarian function may decline faster than average.
• Transgender men before gender-affirming hormone therapy, which can affect fertility.
• Same-sex female couples who want to freeze eggs for reciprocal IVF — where one partner's eggs are used to create embryos carried by the other.
• Women at risk of early menopause due to family history or genetic conditions such as Turner syndrome or fragile X premutation.

The Egg Freezing Process at NEFI: Step by Step

Step 1 — Initial consultation and ovarian reserve testing.

Your journey begins with a free consultation at NEFI's Stamford clinic. Your doctor will assess your ovarian reserve using two key markers: antral follicle count (AFC) via transvaginal ultrasound, and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) via blood test. These measurements predict how many eggs are likely to be retrieved in a cycle and help set realistic expectations.

Step 2 — Ovarian stimulation.

For approximately 10–14 days, you self-administer hormone injections (FSH and LH) to stimulate the ovaries to develop multiple follicles simultaneously. During this period you attend the clinic for monitoring appointments — typically every 2–3 days — involving blood tests and ultrasound to track follicle growth and adjust medication dosing. NEFI's minimally invasive approach means stimulation protocols are tailored individually, avoiding over-stimulation while maximising egg yield.

Step 3 — Trigger shot and egg retrieval.

When follicles reach optimal size, a trigger injection is administered to finalise egg maturation. Exactly 36 hours later, egg retrieval takes place. This is a brief outpatient procedure performed under light sedation — a thin needle is guided through the vaginal wall using ultrasound to aspirate the fluid from each follicle. The procedure takes approximately 20–30 minutes and most patients return home the same day.

Step 4 — Egg assessment and vitrification.

In the embryology laboratory, retrieved eggs are assessed for maturity. Only mature (MII) eggs are suitable for freezing. Mature eggs are vitrified within hours of retrieval and placed into storage. You receive a report confirming how many mature eggs were successfully frozen.

Step 5 — Storage.

Your frozen eggs are stored at NEFI's accredited facility in liquid nitrogen at −196°C. Research supports long-term storage without significant degradation of egg quality — a 2023 study in Reproductive BioMedicine found no significant difference in clinical outcomes between eggs stored for shorter versus longer durations when vitrification was used.

How Much Does Egg Freezing Cost in Connecticut?

Egg freezing costs in the US typically include three components:

• The stimulation cycle itself (including monitoring, medication, retrieval, and laboratory fees)
• Annual storage fees for the frozen eggs
• Future thaw and fertilisation costs when you're ready to use them

At NEFI, transparent pricing is a core commitment. During your initial consultation, your team will provide a detailed cost breakdown specific to your situation — including whether your insurance covers any portion of the process. Connecticut has relatively strong fertility insurance mandates compared to many US states, and NEFI's team will help you navigate what your plan covers before you commit to any costs.

How Many Eggs Do You Need?

This is one of the most common questions — and the honest answer is that it depends on your age and your family building goals. As a general guide, reproductive specialists often target 10–20 mature eggs to give a reasonable chance of at least one successful live birth. Younger women (under 35) tend to need fewer eggs because egg quality is higher; women over 38 typically need more eggs to achieve the same outcome.

A 2025 study in Human Reproduction modelling egg freezing outcomes by age found that women under 35 had a cumulative live birth rate exceeding 70% with 10–15 vitrified oocytes, while women aged 38–40 required 20–25 eggs to reach similar cumulative success rates. This underscores why earlier freezing is almost always more efficient — fewer cycles, more eggs per cycle, higher quality per egg.

Egg Freezing for LGBTQ+ Individuals and Couples

NEFI's egg freezing programme serves individuals and couples of all family structures. For same-sex female couples, egg freezing is often the first step toward reciprocal IVF — a process where one partner freezes eggs, which are then fertilised and transferred to the other partner's uterus, allowing both partners to be physically involved in the pregnancy. For transgender men considering egg freezing before hormone therapy begins, NEFI provides sensitive, affirming care with full respect for gender identity throughout the process.

For the full picture on building a family through NEFI's surrogacy and donor services, read our complete guide: How Surrogacy Works in the US: A Complete Step-by-Step Guide for Intended Parents

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the best age to freeze eggs? The earlier, the better — in terms of egg quality and quantity. Most reproductive specialists consider the late 20s to mid-30s the optimal window. Egg freezing is still viable and beneficial in the late 30s, but typically requires more eggs (and potentially more than one cycle) to achieve the same cumulative success rate.

Does egg freezing affect future natural fertility? No. The eggs retrieved during a freezing cycle are those that would have been lost naturally in that menstrual cycle anyway — egg freezing does not deplete your ovarian reserve beyond what would occur naturally. Your remaining follicles and future cycles are unaffected.

How long can eggs be stored? Research supports long-term vitrified egg storage without significant quality degradation. There is no legal maximum storage duration in Connecticut, and NEFI will discuss storage terms at your consultation.

Is the egg retrieval process painful? Most patients experience mild to moderate discomfort during the stimulation phase — bloating, pelvic pressure, and sensitivity are common. The retrieval procedure itself is performed under sedation and is not felt. Some cramping for 1–2 days afterwards is normal. Most patients return to normal activities within 24–48 hours.

Your Future Self Will Thank You

Egg freezing is one of the few decisions in reproductive medicine where acting early has a clear, measurable advantage. The eggs you freeze today are the eggs of today — younger, more numerous, and higher quality than the eggs of five or ten years from now. NEFI makes the process straightforward, transparent, and deeply supported from the first conversation to the day you're ready to use them.

→ Book Your Free Consultation

Written and reviewed by: Dr. Gad Lavy, MD, FACOG

Whether you're a same-sex male couple for whom surrogacy is the primary path to parenthood, a single parent building a family on your own terms, a woman who cannot carry a pregnancy, or an international family exploring US surrogacy options — this is your complete step-by-step guide to how surrogacy actually works in the United States in 2026.

Gestational vs Traditional Surrogacy: The Foundation

Gestational surrogacy is by far the most common form practiced in the US today. The surrogate — also called a gestational carrier — carries a pregnancy created from an embryo that is genetically unrelated to her. The embryo is created through IVF using eggs and sperm from the intended parents, donors, or a combination, and transferred to the surrogate's uterus. The gestational carrier has no genetic connection to the child she carries.

Traditional surrogacy involves the surrogate using her own egg — meaning she is both the carrier and the genetic mother. Traditional surrogacy is rarely practiced today due to significant legal complexity and the ethical and emotional complications arising from the genetic connection between surrogate and child.

💡 Gestational surrogacy accounts for the vast majority of surrogacy arrangements in the US. It is the method used at New England Fertility Institute — ensuring a clear legal and genetic separation between the gestational carrier and the intended parents from the outset.

Who Pursues Surrogacy?

Same-sex male couples and single men — for whom carrying a pregnancy is not biologically possible — pursue surrogacy combined with egg donation as the primary path to a genetically connected child. NEFI is a recognized leader in LGBTQ+ family building with deep expertise in guiding same-sex male couples and single fathers through every step.

Women and couples with uterine conditions — including uterine absence, severe Asherman's syndrome, fibroids, or repeated implantation failure — for whom carrying a pregnancy poses significant medical risk or is not possible. Individuals and couples who have experienced recurrent pregnancy loss, and international intended parents who choose the US for its strong legal framework and high medical standards, also frequently pursue surrogacy at NEFI.

What does the journey look like if you’re considering surrogacy?

Step 1 — Initial Consultation

Every surrogacy journey at NEFI begins with a free consultation — a conversation, not a commitment. It's the opportunity to understand your options, ask every question you have, and map out a realistic plan. NEFI's team includes specialists in LGBTQ+ family building, third-party reproduction, and international surrogacy coordination. During this consultation, your team will review your medical history, discuss whether you need an egg or sperm donor and outline embryo creation options.

Step 2 — Finding and Matching a Gestational Carrier

Gestational carriers can be matched through NEFI's network and trusted partner agencies, which rigorously screen, psychologically evaluate, and medically qualify all carriers before matching. Some intended parents work with a known surrogate — someone in their existing network who has offered to carry. NEFI supports known carrier arrangements with the same rigor as agency-matched arrangements.

A fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(1662549-9/fulltext text: 2021 review in Fertility and Sterility) examining gestational carrier screening outcomes found that comprehensive psychological and medical pre-screening significantly reduced the rate of arrangement disruptions and legal complications — reinforcing why thorough vetting is non-negotiable, not optional.

Step 3 — Medical and Fertility Workup

Before embryo creation begins, both intended parents (or donors) and the prospective gestational carrier undergo comprehensive medical evaluation. For intended parents providing genetic material, this includes semen analysis, ovarian reserve testing, and blood work. The gestational carrier undergoes uterine assessment, infectious disease screening, psychological evaluation, and a full medical history review. For families using donor eggs, NEFI's in-house donor agency means the process is fully coordinated within the same clinical team.

Step 4 — Legal Agreements

Before any medical treatment involving the gestational carrier begins, a legal contract must be in place. The surrogacy agreement covers compensation and expense reimbursement for the carrier, medical decision-making authority, contact expectations during and after pregnancy, and life insurance and health coverage arrangements.

Connecticut is a surrogacy-friendly state with a clear legal framework. Pre-birth orders — legal orders establishing the intended parents as the legal parents before the baby is born — are obtainable under Connecticut law, meaning intended parents are named on the birth certificate from the outset without the need for post-birth adoption. The Connecticut Parentage Act (2022) further strengthened this framework, explicitly recognizing gestational carrier agreements across all family structures.

Step 5 — Embryo Creation (IVF)

Once legal agreements are signed, embryo creation begins via IVF. Egg retrieval involves 10–14 days of hormone stimulation followed by retrieval under light sedation. Retrieved eggs are fertilised using conventional IVF or ICSI. Embryos are cultured for 5–6 days to blastocyst stage, then many intended parents choose preimplantation genetic testing (PGT-A) to screen for chromosomal abnormalities and optimize transfer success rates. Some families also use PGT for family balancing (gender selection). Tested embryos are frozen and stored until the gestational carrier is ready for transfer.

Step 6 — Egg Donation (If Needed)

For many intended parents — including same-sex male couples, single fathers, and women with diminished ovarian reserve — egg donation is an essential part of the surrogacy journey. Donor eggs are used to create embryos via IVF, fertilised with sperm from one or both intended parents, before transfer to the gestational carrier. The egg donor and the gestational carrier are always two different people in a gestational surrogacy arrangement — the donor provides the genetic material, while the carrier carries the pregnancy with no genetic link to the child.

Egg donors undergo rigorous screening before acceptance, including ovarian reserve testing (AMH and antral follicle count), genetic carrier screening, infectious disease testing, and psychological evaluation. Intended parents can typically choose between fresh donor cycles, frozen donor eggs, and known donors, and select a donor based on detailed profiles.

Because NEFI operates its own in-house donor agency, donor selection, screening, cycle synchronisation, and embryo creation are all coordinated within a single clinical team — eliminating the delays and communication gaps that can arise when a separate external egg bank or agency is involved. Donor eggs can also be combined with PGT-A testing to maximise the chance of a successful transfer.

💡 In donor egg surrogacy arrangements, the child is genetically connected to the sperm-providing intended parent(s) and the egg donor — never to the gestational carrier.

Step 7 — Gestational Carrier Preparation and Embryo Transfer

The gestational carrier's uterus is prepared using a hormone protocol of oestrogen and progesterone. A mock transfer cycle is often performed first to optimize the approach. A 2022 study in BMJ found that frozen embryo transfers produced significantly higher clinical pregnancy rates than fresh transfers in gestational carrier arrangements.

The transfer itself is non-invasive — no anesthesia required. A thin catheter delivers the embryo into the uterine cavity under ultrasound guidance in a matter of minutes. The gestational carrier rests briefly and returns to her normal routine.

Step 8 — Pregnancy Confirmation and Monitoring

Approximately 10–14 days after transfer, a blood test measures hCG (the pregnancy hormone). A positive result triggers an early ultrasound at around 6–7 weeks to confirm a heartbeat. Once the pregnancy is established, the gestational carrier transitions to her OB for the remainder of the pregnancy, with NEFI remaining a point of coordination and support throughout.

Step 8 — Legal Parentage and Birth

In Connecticut, intended parents obtain a pre-birth order during the pregnancy — meaning they are recognized as the legal parents before the birth and named on the birth certificate directly. No post-birth adoption is required. NEFI's team supports international intended parents in parentage documentation requirements in their home countries.

The Connecticut Advantage for Surrogacy

Connecticut's legal environment makes it one of the most secure US states for surrogacy. Pre-birth orders are routinely granted. There is no genetic connection requirement — meaning single intended parents and same-sex couples using both donor eggs and donor sperm can obtain full legal parentage. Surrogacy agreements are enforceable under Connecticut law. The Connecticut Parentage Act (2022) explicitly recognizes gestational carrier agreements across all family structures, providing legal certainty for domestic and international families alike.

How NEFI Is Different

New England Fertility Institute is a global leader in surrogacy and third-party reproduction with specific expertise in LGBTQ+ family building. NEFI's in-house donor agency means egg and embryo donor matching is handled within the same clinical team. Connecticut legal expertise means NEFI's team navigates the state's surrogacy-friendly framework daily and maintains relationships with experienced reproductive law attorneys. The international program serves intended parents from around the world with established processes for cross-border legal and documentation requirements. As part of CSG.BIO Group, NEFI has access to an internationally connected network of reproductive medicine expertise.

Frequently Asked Questions

How long does the surrogacy process take from start to finish? From initial consultation to birth, the surrogacy journey typically takes 18 to 24 months. The matching process is often the longest variable — finding and medically qualifying a gestational carrier can take several months. Once a match is confirmed and legal agreements are signed, the IVF and transfer phase typically takes 2–4 months, followed by the pregnancy itself.

Can same-sex male couples have a genetically connected child through surrogacy? Yes. One or both partners can provide sperm to fertilize donor eggs — creating embryos genetically connected to one or both intended fathers. Some couples create embryos from both partners' sperm and transfer the embryo most likely to succeed; others choose one partner for the genetic connection. This is a deeply personal decision NEFI's team discusses with care and without judgement.

Does NEFI work with international intended parents? Yes. NEFI has an established international programme and regularly supports intended parents from Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and beyond who choose Connecticut for its legal protections and medical standards.

Can single individuals pursue surrogacy at NEFI? Absolutely. Single intended parents — whether single men, single women who cannot carry, or single LGBTQ+ individuals — are welcome and regularly supported at NEFI. The process is the same; the legal and donor pathways are simply tailored to a single-parent structure.

Every Family's Journey Starts with a Conversation

Surrogacy is complex — but it doesn't have to feel that way. NEFI's team has guided hundreds of families through every variation of this journey, and the first step is always the same: a conversation. No pressure, no commitment, no assumptions about your family structure. Just the information you need to decide if surrogacy is the right path for you.

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Written and reviewed by: Dr. Gad Lavy, MD, FACOG

What Does IVF Actually Cost in Connecticut? The Real Numbers

IVF pricing in the United States varies considerably by clinic, location, and the complexity of your treatment. In Connecticut, a single standard IVF cycle typically falls between $12,000 and $20,000 before medications, with the national average sitting around $12,000–$18,000 for a base cycle, according to data from the American Society for Reproductive Medicine.

But that headline number rarely tells the full story. Here's how costs typically break down for a complete IVF cycle in Connecticut:

• IVF cycle (monitoring, egg retrieval, embryo transfer) $12,000 –$18,000
• Frozen embryo transfer cycle $4,500–$8,000
• Fertility medications $3,000 – $8,000
• Anesthesia $500 – $1,500
• Pre-implantation genetic testing (PGT) $3,000 – $6,000
• Embryo freezing and storage (annual) $500 – $1,000
• Sperm analysis / preparation $200 – $600

For LGBTQ+ families, single parents by choice, or those using donor eggs, donor sperm, or surrogacy, additional costs apply — and we'll cover each of those below.

💡 The national average cost of a single IVF cycle in the US is approximately $12,400 — but when medications, genetic testing, and additional services are factored in, the real out-of-pocket cost is typically $20,000–$30,000 per cycle. Connecticut patients deserve to know this before they start.

Why IVF Costs What It Does: The Science Behind the Price

Understanding what you're paying for makes the numbers easier to navigate. IVF is not a single procedure — it is a carefully sequenced series of medical interventions, each requiring specialist expertise, laboratory infrastructure, and precision monitoring.

A typical IVF cycle involves ovarian stimulation (injected hormones to encourage multiple follicles to develop), serial ultrasound monitoring across 10–14 days, a surgical egg retrieval under mild sedation, laboratory fertilization of eggs with sperm, 3–5 days of embryo culture in a specialized incubator, and finally an embryo transfer into the uterus.

The laboratory component alone — the embryology lab where fertilization and culture occur — requires significant ongoing investment. A 2018 analysis published in Fertility and Sterility found that laboratory costs represent one of the largest fixed-cost components of IVF treatment, contributing significantly to the per-cycle price that patients see.

Medications are the other major variables. Ovarian stimulation drugs (gonadotropins) are biologics — complex, expensive to manufacture, and not always well-covered by insurance. Your medication protocol depends on your ovarian reserve, age, and how your body has responded to stimulation in the past. Patients with diminished ovarian reserve, for example, may require higher medication doses, which pushes costs upward.

IVF Costs in Connecticut: The Local Picture

Connecticut is one of the most favorable states in the US for fertility treatment, and not just because of the quality of its clinics. Connecticut has a fertility insurance mandate — one of the strongest in the country.

Under Connecticut state law, insurers that cover pregnancy-related care are required to cover medically necessary fertility diagnosis and treatment, including IVF, for insured individuals. This mandate applies to most employer-sponsored group health plans governed by state law.

What this means practically:

• Many Connecticut residents with employer-sponsored insurance have some IVF coverage
• Coverage levels vary — some plans cover one cycle, others cover multiple
• Self-funded employer plans (common at large corporations) are governed by federal ERISA law and are not subject to the state mandate
• Individual and marketplace plans vary widely

Navigating insurance is one of the most time-consuming and confusing parts of the fertility journey. At New England Fertility Institute, our team includes dedicated insurance and financial counselors who review your specific plan, confirm your benefits in writing, and help you understand your true out-of-pocket exposure before you start treatment — not after.

Stamford's position in Fairfield County also means many of our patients are employed by major corporations headquartered in the greater New York metropolitan area. A significant number of Fortune 500 companies now offer fertility benefits as part of their employee health packages — including IVF coverage, egg freezing, and donor services.

How New England Fertility Institute Approaches Pricing — and Why It Matters

At New England Fertility Institute, transparent pricing is not a marketing promise. It's a clinical philosophy.

We believe that financial uncertainty during fertility treatment adds an unnecessary layer of stress to what is already an emotionally demanding process. That's why we provide itemized cost estimates before treatment begins; insurance verification support, financing options, and a clear explanation of what is — and isn't — included in each quoted price.

What makes our pricing approach different:

• In-house donor program. Our patients who need donor eggs or embryos, working with our in-house donor program removes the coordination layer and the associated cost markups that come with using external agencies. Our donors are screened, matched, and supported within our practice — streamlining both the process and the cost.

• Mini IVF as a genuine option. For appropriate candidates, our minimally stimulated IVF protocol reduces medication costs significantly while maintaining strong success rates. This is particularly relevant for patients who have had difficult responses to high-dose stimulation, older patients, and those with certain medical conditions.

• LGBTQ+ family building expertise. For same-sex female couples using reciprocal IVF (where one partner provides the eggs and the other carries the pregnancy), same-sex male couples using surrogacy and donor eggs, or single individuals building their families, cost planning is inherently more complex. We provide tailored financial packages with consultation for every family structure — because a one-size-fits-all pricing sheet doesn't serve the diversity of our patient community.

• International patient program. Many of our patients travel to Stamford from outside Connecticut — and some from outside the United States — for fertility care that is either unavailable or prohibitively expensive in their home country. Our international patient coordinator helps with scheduling, logistics, and cost planning for patients traveling for treatment.

• Financing options. We work with fertility financing partners to offer payment plans, multi-cycle programs, and refund programs for eligible patients. Our financial counselors will walk you through every option.

As a member of the CSG.BIO Group — a global network of fertility and stem cell services — NEFI also benefits from shared clinical expertise and research partnerships with sister practices including Hanabusa IVF in San Diego, a clinic renowned for its minimally invasive IVF protocols.

IVF Cost Breakdown for LGBTQ+ Families and Third-Party Reproduction

For LGBTQ+ families and those requiring donor services or surrogacy, it's important to understand the additional cost layers involved. These are some of the most common scenarios we guide patients through:

• Same-sex female couples — reciprocal IVF: One partner undergoes ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval; the other partner receives the embryo transfer. Costs are similar to a standard IVF cycle for the retrieving partner, plus an additional transfer fee. Both partners are actively part of the medical process — an option many couples find deeply meaningful.

• Same-sex male couples — donor eggs + gestational surrogacy: This pathway involves the most components: egg donor selection, IVF cycle for the donor, sperm preparation, embryo creation, and gestational carrier coordination. Total costs for this pathway — including surrogate compensation and medical costs — typically range from $90,000 to $200,000+ depending on the specifics.

• Donor sperm IVF: For individuals or couples using donor sperm, the cost of a sperm donor (from an FDA-regulated sperm bank) typically adds $500–$1,500 per vial, with 1–2 vials commonly used per cycle.

• Donor egg IVF Using a donor egg adds the donor's compensation, screening, and cycle costs. With our in-house donor agency, we are able to offer more transparent and competitive donor egg pricing than external agency routes.

Frequently Asked Questions

Does insurance cover IVF in Connecticut? Connecticut has one of the strongest fertility insurance mandates in the US, requiring most state-regulated health plans to cover medically necessary IVF. However, coverage varies by plan type — our insurance team verifies your specific benefits before you begin treatment and provides a written summary of your coverage and estimated out-of-pocket costs.

How much do fertility medications cost for IVF in Connecticut? Fertility medications typically add $3,000–$8,000 to the cost of a standard IVF cycle. The exact amount depends on your protocol, your ovarian reserve, and how you respond to stimulation. Patients pursuing mini-IVF may have significantly lower medication costs. We can help you source medications through speciality pharmacies and explore manufacturer assistance programs if applicable.

Is mini-IVF cheaper than standard IVF? Yes, in most cases. The procedure and monitoring costs are comparable, but the significant saving comes from reduced medication use — which can bring the total medication cost down from $4,000–$6,000 to under $1,500 in some cases. Not all patients are eligible for mini-IVF because of each individual infertility situation, but for those who are good candidates, it represents a genuinely cost-effective pathway.

Does New England Fertility Institute offer payment plans or financing? Yes. We work with fertility financing partners to offer multi-month payment plans and multi-cycle programs. We also offer refund programs for eligible patients. Our financial counsellors will discuss every available option during your consultation.

How much does surrogacy cost for same-sex male couples? Surrogacy is one of the most significant financial undertakings in family building, with total costs — including surrogate compensation, legal representation, medical costs, agency fees, and IVF — commonly ranging from $90,000 to $200,000+. Connecticut is a highly surrogacy-friendly state legally, which reduces some of the legal complexity and cost compared to less permissive states. Our team includes surrogacy specialists who will walk you through a detailed and realistic cost picture from the start.

Start Your Journey with Full Financial Clarity

The cost of IVF in Connecticut is real — and we will never minimize it. But financial uncertainty shouldn't be what stands between you and your family. At New England Fertility Institute, we combine world-class clinical care with genuine transparency: no hidden fees, no surprises, and no one-size-fits-all pricing that ignores the unique shape of your family.

Whether you're an individual exploring egg freezing, a same-sex couple planning your next step, or someone who has been through IVF before and is looking for a fresh, personalized approach — we are here to help you understand exactly what your path will cost, and to make it as accessible as possible.

→ Book Your Free Consultation

Your consultation is free, no-obligation, and includes a full review of your insurance benefits and a personalized cost estimate. Our team speaks with you as partners in your journey — not as a billing department.

Whether you're a same-sex female couple considering reciprocal IVF, a same-sex male couple exploring surrogacy and egg donation, a single LGBTQ+ parent by choice, or a trans or non-binary individual planning fertility preservation before or after transition — your path exists, and it is well-traveled.

The growing landscape of LGBTQ+ family building

LGBTQ+ family building has moved from the margins of fertility medicine to a clinical specialty in its own right. According to data from the Family Equality Council, an estimated 63% of LGBTQ+ millennials are considering expanding their families using assisted reproduction, foster care, or adoption — a sharp increase from previous generations.

For same-sex female couples, the most common paths are intrauterine insemination (IUI) with donor sperm, standard IVF with donor sperm, and reciprocal IVF — where one partner provides the egg and the other carries the pregnancy. For same-sex male couples, family building typically involves an egg donor, IVF to create embryos, and a gestational carrier (surrogate) to carry the pregnancy. For trans and non-binary individuals, options often include fertility preservation (egg or sperm freezing) before or alongside gender-affirming care.

💡 The shift in numbers: An estimated 77% of LGBTQ+ adults aged 18–35 in the US say they want to become parents — and the majority will pursue assisted reproduction to get there, according to Family Equality research.

What's changed in the last decade isn't just patient demand. It's clinical infrastructure: insurance coverage in states like Connecticut, in-house donor agencies, transparent surrogacy programs, and clinics that have rebuilt their intake forms, consent processes, and patient education to be inclusive from the first email.

The science: what the research says about LGBTQ+ fertility outcomes

Clinical outcomes for LGBTQ+ patients pursuing IVF are excellent — often better than the general infertility population, because many LGBTQ+ patients aren't dealing with underlying infertility at all. They're using reproductive medicine because their family structure requires it, not because their bodies have failed.

A 2026 study in JAMA examining outcomes for same-sex female couples undergoing reciprocal IVF found pregnancy rates comparable to or higher than heterosexual IVF populations, with the authors noting that the predominantly healthy reproductive status of the partners contributed to favorable outcomes.

For surrogacy, a 2020 systematic review in ScienceDirect examining gestational surrogacy outcomes reported live birth rates per embryo transfer of 40–60% in well-screened gestational carriers using high-quality embryos — figures that match or exceed live birth rates for the average IVF cycle in the general population.

The genetic safety of preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) for LGBTQ+ embryo creation is also well-established. Research in Cureus has consistently shown that PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) improves implantation rates per transfer in patients of all family structures, particularly when the egg source is age 35 or older — a relevant consideration for couples using known or known-donor eggs.

The clinical takeaway is direct: LGBTQ+ family building through IVF and surrogacy is a well-established, evidence-supported pathway. The variable that most affects outcomes isn't sexual orientation or gender identity — it's the quality of the clinic and the lab.

Why Connecticut is one of the most LGBTQ+-supportive places to build a family

Geography matters more than many patients realize when they begin LGBTQ+ family building. Some US states still have restrictive surrogacy laws, ambiguous parental rights, or limited insurance protections. Connecticut sits at the opposite end of the spectrum.

Connecticut is widely recognized as one of the most LGBTQ+-friendly states for assisted reproduction. The state recognizes second-parent adoption, has clear gestational surrogacy laws under the Connecticut Parentage Act (effective 2022), and offers some of the strongest insurance mandates for infertility treatment in the country. Same-sex couples and single intended parents have the same legal standing as opposite-sex couples in establishing parentage from birth.

Stamford, Connecticut, in particular, sits in a strategic location for fertility care. It's roughly 40 minutes by train from Manhattan, easily accessible from New York City, Westchester County, Boston, Philadelphia, and the entire Northeast corridor. For international intended parents — particularly those from countries where LGBTQ+ family building is restricted or where commercial surrogacy is prohibited — Stamford's proximity to major airports (JFK, LaGuardia, Newark) makes it a practical destination for treatment cycles.

For couples comparing options across the US, the combination of Connecticut's legal framework, the state's robust infertility insurance mandate, and access to specialized LGBTQ+ fertility clinics in the Stamford area makes the region one of the strongest hubs for LGBTQ+ family building in North America.

How New England Fertility Institute supports LGBTQ+ family building

New England Fertility Institute (NEFI) is a full-service fertility clinic in Stamford, Connecticut, with deep specialization in LGBTQ+ IVF and family building. The clinic has built its practice around the principle that every family deserves the right to grow — and that the medical, legal, and emotional path to parenthood should be navigated by a team that understands all of it.

A few features distinguish NEFI for LGBTQ+ patients:

• Specialized LGBTQ+ programs. NEFI has developed clinical protocols specifically for same-sex female couples (including reciprocal IVF), same-sex male couples (egg donor + gestational carrier coordination), trans and non-binary fertility preservation, and single parents by choice. Care isn't adapted from a heterosexual default — it's designed from the start to reflect how LGBTQ+ families actually form.
• In-house donor agency. Many fertility journeys require a sperm donor, an egg donor, or both. NEFI's in-house donor agency means intended parents work with one third party coordinator rather than navigating a fragmented network of outside agencies. This typically reduces both cost and timeline. Learn more about the NEFI donor egg program.
• Surrogacy program with global reach. As a global leader in surrogacy and minimally invasive IVF, NEFI runs an established surrogacy program with experience supporting both US-based and international intended parents. Same-sex male couples building families through gestational surrogacy benefit from clinical, legal, and matching expertise under one roof.
• Transparent pricing and insurance guidance. Cost is one of the most common barriers to LGBTQ+ family building. NEFI publishes pricing transparently and provides individualized insurance guidance — particularly important for Connecticut residents who may have coverage under the state's infertility insurance mandate. Explore the full NEFI IVF and surrogacy services.
• Sister practice in San Diego. NEFI is part of the CSG.BIO Group and is the sister practice of Hanabusa IVF in San Diego, California. This network provides bi-coastal options for international and traveling patients and brings combined clinical expertise — including specialized protocols for complex cases such as diminished ovarian reserve, fertility after 40, and gentle stimulation IVF.

The clinic's tone, from intake to delivery, is built around something simple: families are families. The medicine is rigorous; the welcome is warm.

Frequently Asked Questions

What does an LGBTQ+ IVF and surrogacy journey typically look like? For same-sex female couples, the path usually involves choosing a sperm donor, optional fertility testing, and then IUI or IVF — including reciprocal IVF if both partners want a biological role. For same-sex male couples, the journey involves selecting an egg donor, an IVF cycle to create embryos, and matching with a gestational carrier. NEFI coordinates the medical and donor/surrogate steps in one integrated process.

How much does LGBTQ+ family building cost in Connecticut? Costs vary significantly by path. A reciprocal IVF cycle, donor sperm IUI cycle, IVF with donor egg, or full surrogacy journey each have different price points. Connecticut has one of the strongest state infertility insurance mandates in the US, which may cover portions of IVF treatment depending on your plan. NEFI provides transparent pricing and individualized insurance review during your free consultation.

Is surrogacy legal for same-sex couples in Connecticut? Yes. The Connecticut Parentage Act (effective 2022) provides clear legal pathways for intended parents — including same-sex couples and single intended parents — to establish parental rights through gestational surrogacy. Connecticut is widely considered one of the most LGBTQ+-supportive jurisdictions for surrogacy in the US.

Can international LGBTQ+ couples come to NEFI for treatment? Yes. NEFI supports international intended parents seeking IVF, donor egg cycles, and gestational surrogacy in the US. Stamford's proximity to major New York-area airports makes travel logistics manageable, and the clinic team coordinates remote consultations, cycle planning, and on-site treatment scheduling.

What is reciprocal IVF, and is it right for same-sex female couples? Reciprocal IVF — sometimes called partner IVF or co-IVF — is a process in which one partner provides the eggs (egg retrieval), and the other partner carries the pregnancy (embryo transfer). It allows both partners to play a biological role in the family. Reciprocal IVF is one of the most popular LGBTQ+ family building options for same-sex female couples, and NEFI offers full reciprocal IVF programs.

Your family, your timeline, our team

Building an LGBTQ+ family is a personal journey, and no two paths look exactly alike. Whether you're at the beginning — wondering what's possible — or further along and ready to start a cycle, the right clinic should meet you where you are with expertise, transparency, and care that doesn't ask you to translate yourself.

New England Fertility Institute has spent years building the kind of practice LGBTQ+ families deserve specialized, inclusive, transparent, and clinically excellent. Your consultation is free, your timeline is yours, and your team is ready.

→ Book Your Free Consultation

That is why every NEFI graduate qualifies for a complimentary AlphaCord newborn stem cell collection kit — a $850 value, included at no cost. It covers cord blood collection, processing, shipping, and your first full year of storage.

For families whose babies are donor-conceived, cord blood banking is not just worth considering — it carries a particular significance that most general resources do not address. We’ll explain why, and what you need to know before your due date.

What Are Newborn Stem Cells, and Why Is Birth the Only Moment That Matters?

Newborn stem cells are biological building blocks found exclusively in the umbilical cord and placenta at the time of birth. Once the cord is clamped and the placenta delivered, that biological window closes permanently. There is no second opportunity, no alternative source, no way to retrieve them later.

💡 The placenta contains up to 10 times more stem cells than cord blood alone — and is discarded by default at delivery unless you choose to preserve it.

Three distinct stem cell types are collected at birth, each with its own clinical profile:

• Cord blood contains haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) — the blood-forming cells that sit at the foundation of over 30 years of clinical medicine. HSCs have been used to treat more than 80 conditions including leukaemia, lymphoma, sickle cell disease, thalassaemia, aplastic anaemia, and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Cord blood transplantation is not experimental — it is an established, peer-reviewed treatment modality used in hospitals worldwide.
• Cord tissue contains mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), found within the Wharton's jelly of the umbilical cord. MSCs behave very differently to HSCs: rather than reconstituting blood and immune systems, they are involved in tissue repair, inflammation regulation, and regenerative processes. They are currently the subject of more than 1,000 active clinical trials exploring applications in conditions ranging from cerebral palsy to autoimmune disease.
• Placental tissue is among the most stem-cell-rich biological materials available at birth. Preserving it alongside cord blood and cord tissue significantly expands the biological resource available to your child and their family across a lifetime.

AlphaCord's 3-in-1 collection kit captures all three sources in a single, coordinated procedure performed by your delivery team immediately after birth. It is entirely non-invasive for mother and baby, and is compatible with delayed cord clamping when arranged in advance with your care team.

The Science Behind Cord Blood Banking: What the Research Shows

The clinical case for cord blood banking is built on decades of peer-reviewed evidence — not marketing claims.

A landmark 2016 review published in Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation confirmed that cord blood transplantation is an effective treatment for over 80 haematological and immunological conditions, and highlighted the particular value of autologous (self-donated) cord blood in cases where a matched related donor cannot be identified through family or public registries.

The regenerative applications of MSCs from cord tissue are advancing rapidly. A 2020 phase II clinical trial published in Stem Cells Translational Medicine found statistically significant improvements in gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy who received infusions of their own banked cord blood, with the strongest outcomes observed in children who received their own autologous cells rather than donor cells. The biological match is a meaningful clinical variable — not a minor footnote.

Beyond these established applications, there are currently over 4,000 active clinical trials registered globally that involve cord blood or cord tissue stem cells, exploring potential future treatments for conditions including type 1 diabetes, autism spectrum disorder, hearing loss, stroke recovery, and spinal cord injury. The cells you bank today may have applications that do not yet exist in clinical practice.

Cryopreserved stem cells do not age. At ultra-low temperatures, cellular processes essentially pause. Cells banked at birth remain viable for decades — meaning a collection made in the delivery room today could be available to your child at 20, 40, or beyond.

Why Donor-Conceived Children Have a Particularly Compelling Case for Cord Blood Banking

This is the part that most cord blood banking resources overlook — and it matters deeply for NEFI families.

Standard discussions of cord blood banking often mention the possibility that a sibling's banked stem cells could be used to treat another family member. That is a genuine benefit. But for donor-conceived children, the family dynamics that underpin this assumption are fundamentally different.

If your baby was conceived using donated eggs, donated sperm — or was carried by a surrogate — they may share genetics with half-siblings whose existence, identity, and whereabouts are unknown or uncertain. Even where donor-sibling registries exist and connections have been made, asking a genetic half-sibling to undergo stem cell donation involves complex legal, ethical, and logistical questions that cannot be resolved at the moment of medical need.

More practically: the international bone marrow and stem cell registries, while large, are underrepresented in many ethnic backgrounds. Families who used donors of East Asian, South Asian, Middle Eastern, African, or mixed heritage may find that public registry matches are harder to identify — a documented and ongoing challenge in transplantation medicine.

Your donor-conceived child's own cord blood, cord tissue, and placental stem cells are their perfect biological match — guaranteed, immediately available, and entirely free of the uncertainty that surrounds family or registry donors.

No search. No waiting list. No ethical complexity. If your child ever requires stem cell therapy, their banked newborn cells are already there, already matched, and already yours.

This is not fear — it is informed planning. At NEFI, we have guided thousands of families through paths that are anything but standard, and we believe access to accurate, complete information is part of the care we owe every patient.

Cord Blood Banking for NEFI Families in Connecticut and Beyond

New England Fertility Institute is based in Stamford, Connecticut, and serves a substantial population of international patients who travel to NEFI for specialist fertility care. Connecticut has one of the most educated and health-aware patient populations in the country, and NEFI families consistently arrive with detailed questions and high expectations. We take that seriously. Providing access to complimentary cord blood banking through our partnership with AlphaCord is one expression of that commitment — removing a financial barrier to a decision that, once the birth window passes, can never be revisited.

AlphaCord was founded in 2002 by parents who believed that cord blood banking should be affordable and accessible to every family — not just those with premium budgets. Their laboratory is AABB accredited and FDA registered, operating under the same standards of quality and compliance that NEFI holds itself to. AlphaCord is part of the CSG.BIO Group, the same family of healthcare companies that includes NEFI — meaning this partnership reflects a shared commitment to integrated, high-quality reproductive and regenerative medicine.

The NEFI complimentary kit offer covers the collection kit itself, full processing, and your first year of storage — an $850 value with no strings attached. After the first year, ongoing storage is $150 per year, with upgrade options available at checkout.

Whether you are delivering at Stamford or any other US states, your delivery team can use the AlphaCord kit with minimal coordination. You simply register, receive your promo code, and pack the kit in your hospital bag before your due date.

How NEFI Makes This Easy for Every Graduate

At New England Fertility Institute, our commitment to your family does not end at egg retrieval or embryo transfer. We understand that reaching the delivery room is the beginning of a new chapter — one that deserves the same level of intention and support you brought to building your family in the first place.

Here is exactly how to claim your complimentary AlphaCord kit as a NEFI graduate:

Step 1 — Register: Ask your care team at NEFI to provide you with the registration link, it takes under a minute.

Step 2 — Receive your promo code: Your promo code arrives by email and covers the full cost of your kit, processing, and first year of storage.

Step 3 — Kit ships to you: Pack it in your hospital bag before your due date. Everything your delivery team needs is inside.

Step 4 — Collection at birth: Your midwife or obstetrician collects cord blood, cord tissue, and placental tissue after delivery. It is painless, takes minutes, and does not interfere with your birth plan.

Step 5 — AlphaCord handles the rest: Temperature-controlled courier collection, lab processing within 24 hours, and long-term cryopreservation in their AABB-accredited facility.

You can also explore more about our fertility services, our approach to LGBTQ+ family building, and our third-party reproduction programs on the NEFI website.

Frequently Asked Questions

Does cord blood collection interfere with delayed cord clamping? No. AlphaCord's collection protocol is designed to be compatible with delayed cord clamping. You should inform your care team and hospital in advance that you have an AlphaCord kit, so they can coordinate the timing appropriately. Most hospitals are familiar with cord blood banking kits and will accommodate your preferences.

My baby was conceived with donor eggs — are the cord blood cells still my child's own? Yes, completely. The cord blood, cord tissue, and placental cells collected at birth are entirely your child's own biological material. They carry your child's own DNA — the genetic contribution from the egg donor does not affect the stem cells collected from the cord and placenta. Your child's banked cells will always be a perfect match for themselves.

What happens if my child never needs their banked stem cells? The cells remain safely stored and available at no medical risk to your family. Many families think of cord blood banking the way they think of insurance — you take out a policy hoping never to use it, but knowing it is there if circumstances change. Some families also choose, at the end of their storage term, to release cells to public research programs or public banks.

Can the stored cells benefit siblings or other family members? Cord blood stem cells can sometimes be used to treat siblings or close family members if there is a suitable HLA match. For donor-conceived families, the genetic relationships within the household may differ from traditional family structures, making your child's own autologous cells — which are always a perfect self-match — especially important as a first resource.

Is AlphaCord an accredited, regulated facility? Yes. AlphaCord's laboratory is AABB accredited and FDA registered. AlphaCord has been operating continuously since 2002 and is part of the CSG.BIO Group — the same organisation that encompasses New England Fertility Institute. Quality, compliance, and long-term stability are central to how both organisations operate.

Your Baby Arrived Against the Odds. Their Stem Cells Deserve the Same Care.

Every family we see at New England Fertility Institute has a story. Most of those stories involve persistence, heartbreak, hope, and the decision to keep going. The baby arriving in your delivery room is the result of all of that — and of extraordinary science, and of the people who supported you along the way.

Preserving their newborn stem cells is one of the quietest, most forward-looking things you can do in those first hours after birth. It costs you nothing as a NEFI graduate. It takes minutes. And it ensures that, whatever the future holds, your child carries their most valuable biological resource with them — always matched, always available, always theirs.

If you have questions about the AlphaCord offer, your delivery plan, or anything else as your due date approaches, your NEFI care team is here.

→ Schedule a Free Consultation or speak with your NEFI care coordinator directly about claiming your complimentary AlphaCord kit before your due date.